What Is Plaque and Why Is It Harmful?

Plaque is a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on your teeth and along the gumline. It develops when bacteria in your mouth mix with sugars and starches from the food you eat. While plaque is a normal part of oral health, failing to remove it regularly through brushing and flossing can lead to serious dental problems.

When plaque builds up, it creates an environment for harmful bacteria to thrive. These bacteria produce acids that attack tooth enamel, the protective outer layer of your teeth. Over time, this can lead to cavities, which are permanent holes in the enamel that require professional treatment. If plaque is not removed, it can harden into tartar, a calcified substance that sticks to teeth and is much more difficult to remove. Tartar buildup can irritate the gums, leading to gingivitis—the earliest stage of gum disease.

Left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a severe gum infection that damages the tissues and bone supporting your teeth. Periodontitis can cause loose teeth, tooth loss, and even systemic health issues, as the bacteria can enter your bloodstream and potentially contribute to conditions like heart disease and diabetes.

Maintaining good oral hygiene is the best way to combat plaque. Brushing your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and visiting your dentist regularly for cleanings and checkups can help keep plaque at bay and protect your oral and overall health.